МИНОБРНАУКИ РОССИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» НИЖНЕВАРТОВСКИЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ ТЕХНИКУМ (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» ОГСЭ.03 ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК ПРАКТИКУМ Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями для обучающихся очной формы обучения 3 - 4 курсов специальности 08.02.09 «Монтаж, наладка и эксплуатация электрооборудования промышленных и гражданских зданий» Нижневартовск 2016
Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 «Иностранный язык» для обучающихся очной формы обучения 3 - 4 курсов специальности 08.02.09 «Монтаж, наладка и эксплуатация электрооборудования промышленных и гражданских зданий» разработан в соответствии с: 1. Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом среднего профессионального образования от 22.04.2014 г №383 по специальности 08.02.09 «Монтаж, наладка и эксплуатация электрооборудования промышленных и гражданских зданий». 2. Рабочей программой дисциплины ОГСЭ.03 «Иностранный язык», утвержденной 11.09.2015 г. Разработчик: Демяник Г.К., преподаватель Нижневартовского нефтяного техникума (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет». Рецензенты: Мансийский автономный округ, г. Нижневартовск, ул. Мира, 37. ©Нижневартовский нефтяной техникум (филиал) ФГБОУ ВО «ЮГУ», 2016
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА Практикум – сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями, предназначен для работы обучающимися по специальности «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта», является частью примерной программы подготовки специалистов среднего звена в соответствии с ФГОС по специальности СПО. Данная программа соответствует требованиям к минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки выпускников средних технических заведений по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». Данная программа ставит своей целью подготовить обучающихся к чтению и переводу соответствующей технической литературы на английском языке, а также сформировать базовые навыки и умения для устного общения на языке по данной специальности. Пособие содержит адаптированные и оригинальные тексты из иностранных журналов и научно-технической литературы, а также тексты, переведенные с русского на английский язык. Содержание текстов соответствует программам специальной дисциплины и по своей сложности данные тексты предназначены для обучающихся III и IV курсов, имеющих базовые знания по дисциплине «Английский язык». Тексты снабжены упражнениями, рассчитанными на активизацию лексического и грамматического материала. Выбор упражнений и их последовательность обусловлены характером текстов. К текстам даются пояснения, облегчающие понимание и перевод отдельных мест, представляющих определенную языковую трудность. Логико-синтаксическая схема, содержащая ключевые слова и выражения, призвана помочь студентам построить грамотный и логически связанный пересказ теста. Текстовые и после текстовые задания нацеливают обучающихся на
информационную переработку и лучшее понимание прочитанного, а также присвоение информации и языковых средств для устного высказывания. В систему лексических упражнений входят упражнения на перевод терминологической лексики, многофункциональных слов. Результатом выполнения практических работ будут: знания: – лексический (1200-1400 лексических единиц) минимум необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем) текстов технической и профессиональной направленности. умения: – понимать основное содержание несложно звучащих текстов или диалогов по изучаемым темам; – выражать своё отношение и мнение к высказываниям; – делать сообщения с наиболее важной выбранной информацией; 4 – рассуждать, делать выводы по прочитанному материалу; – выборочно понимать и извлекать информацию в неадаптированных технических текстах; – пользоваться двуязычными или одноязычными словарями и другой справочной литературой. В «Практику» также включены дополнительные тексты для чтения, содержащие интересные факты об истории автомобильного транспорта, адаптированные тексты затрагивающие вопросы морально – этического поведения водителя за рулем. Время аудиторной работы по каждому разделу определяется преподавателем в зависимости от уровня подготовленности группы. С целью экономии аудиторного времени рекомендуется часть предтекстовых и после текстовых упражнений задавать для самостоятельной работы обучающихся
PART I. COMPUTERS WHAT IS COMPUTER? Computer is a device for processing information. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements: • Hardware • Software • Procedures • Data/information Software are the programs that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form. Working vocabulary: • device – устройство • intelligence – разум • hardware – оборудование • software – программы • processing – обработка • procedures – процедуры, операции • perform – выполнять • manner – манера, способ • various – различные • purpose – цель • to convert – превращать
• data – данные • to store – хранить • digital – цифровой 5 1. General understanding: 1. What does the term «computer» describe? 2. Is computer intelligent? 3. What are four components of computer system? 4. What is software? 5. What's the difference between the hardware and software? 6. In what way terms «data» and «information» differ? 7. How does computer convert data into information? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже терминов имеют аналоги в русском языке? computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphone, printer, modem, Internet. 3. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device 2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded. 3) There are four elements of computer system; hardware, software, diskettes and data. 4) Without software instructions hardware doesn't know what to do. 5) The software is the most important component because it is made. 6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output. 7) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded. WHAT IS HARDWARE Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware – the
devices composing a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four categories: 1) input hardware 2) processing hardware 3) storage hardware 4) output hardware. Input hardware Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. 6 Processing hardware Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing. Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform. Storage hardware The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. Floppy disk (diskette) — a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25' and 3.5'. 3.5' disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drivers can provide nowadays. Output hardware The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going
to do on your computer. Working vocabulary: 7 input hardware – устройства ввода данных to convert – преобразовывать to roll – катать, перекатывать to reach – достигать keyboard – клавиатура processing hardware – устройства обработки данных execution – выполнение to direct – управлять central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor – микропроцессор brain – мозг to interpret – переводить, интерпретировать RAM – ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство) ROM – ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство) storage hardware – устройства хранения данных to retrieve – извлекать hard disk – жесткий диск, «винчестер» CD-ROM – накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD) CD-ROM drives – дисководы CD-ROM digitized – в цифровом виде graphics – графика temporary – временный output hardware – устройство отображения информации to connect – соединять to provide – обеспечивать to affect – влиять amount – количество
1. General understanding: 1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of thehardware? 2. What groups of hardware exist? 3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware? 4. What is the mouse designed for? 5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC? 6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM? 7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing. Scanner is used to input graphics only. 2. CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper. 8 3. User is unable to change the contents of ROM. 4. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information. 5. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines. 6. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data. 3. Что из нижеперечисленного является оборудованием? 1. program 2. mouse 3. CPU 4. printer
5. modem 6. instruction 7. cursor or the pointer 8. keyboard 9. symbol TYPES OF SOFTWARE A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly go along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to
«understand» the newly attached part. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. 9 Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet. Working vocabulary: to direct — управлять to conduct — проводить to complete — завершать equipment — оборудование internal — внутренний to require — требовать control — управление specific — конкретный, определенный general-purpose — многоцелевой aid — помощь
regard — отношение regardless — безотносительно, несмотря на memory capacity — вместимость памяти to install — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталлировать to transfer — переводить, переносить to provide with — обеспечивать чем- либо to secure — обеспечивать безопасность security — безопасность to develop — развивать, проявлять developer — разработчик to check — проверять attach — присоединять Web-browser — «броузер» (программа, позволяющая пользователю искать и считывать информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet) peripheral — периферийный to boot — запускать to handle — управлять gimmick — зд. приманка 1. General understanding: 1) What is a software? 2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided? 3) What is system software for?
4) What is an operating system — system or application software? 5) What is a «driver»? 6) What is application software? 7) What are application software for? 8) What is the tendency in application software market in recent years? 9) What is the application of the communication software? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage. 2) System software controls internal computer activities. 10 3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used. 4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for system software. 5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving. 6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware. 7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources. 8) Communication software is of great need now because of the new advances in communication technologies. 9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument. 10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network. 3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте: 1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения
операций. 2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность). 3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга. 4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы. 5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство. 6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память. 7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировала много к производству соответствующих программных продуктов возрастающим числом компаний-разработчиков. WINDOWS 98 Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It's very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them. Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your 11 computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files.
Working vocabulary: expanding windows principle – принцип расширяющихся окон icons – иконки represent – представлять to interact – взаимодействовать weapon – оружие Recycle Bin – корзина to recover – восстановить deleted files – удаленные файлы to crash – зависать, давать сбои plug-n-play – подключай и работай upgrade – апгрейд (увеличение возможностей компьютера) support – поддержка necessity – необходимость to move forward – двигаться вперед shortcut capability – возможность нахождения кратчайшего пути frequently – часто OPERATING SYSTEMS When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you
store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands. The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number. 12 Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each
user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use. Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space. Working vocabulary: complex – сложный to consume – потреблять consumer – потребитель to realize – осознать smart – умный, умно decade – декада, десятилетие version – версия to enhance – расширять, увеличивать top – верх, вершина on top of DOS – «сверху», на основе ДОС compatible – совместимый with a click of a mouse – одним нажатием кнопки мыши access – доступ to allow – позволять multiple users – многочисленные пользователи simultaneously – одновременно 13 to desire – желать
to ship – поставлять, доставлять 1. Заполните пропуски: 1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. 2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system 4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs. 5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. a) UNIX b) DOS c) NT OS/2 d) Windows 95 2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners. 2) The operational system control and manage the useof the hardware and the memory usage. 3) There are no commands available in operating sys tems, only word processors. 4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete withIBM's PC-DOS. 5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory. 6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft. 7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously 8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.
3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте: 1) Современная операционные системы контролируют использование системного оборудования, например, принтера и мыши. 2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные системы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд. 3) OS/2 – DOS совместимая операционная система, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи графического интерфейса пользователя. 4) Дополнительные программы для работы с устройствами системного оборудования были очень сложны и поглощали много времени. 5) Операционная система также позволяет запускать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор. 6) DOS – наиболее распространенная операционная система для персонального компьютера. 14 INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20
million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Inter- net, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link. All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a much of use and fun it is. Working vocabulary: retrieve – извлекать variety – спектр recreation – развлечение network – сеть share – делить humanities – гуманитарные науки business transaction – коммерческие
операции to provide – обеспечивать чем-либо provider – провайдер (компания, предоставляющая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети) broadcast live – передавать в прямом эфире site – страница, сайт to link – соединять hyperlink 15 web – паутина browser – броузер (программа поиска информации) hyperlink – гиперссылка to compete – соревноваться access – доступ 1. True or false: 1. There are still not so many users of the Internet. 2. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts. 3. People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only. 4. Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way. 5. You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser. 6. You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user. 7. You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only. 8. every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs
to step by step enter links and addresses. 9. Films and pictures are not available on the Internet. 10. Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They are not available yet. 2. Find the equivalents: 1. Объём ресурсов и услуг, которые являются частью WWW, растёт чрезвычайно быстро. 2. Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудиофайл где-то в Интернете. 3. Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения. 4. Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам Интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-браузер. 5. Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десяткам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных к Интернет и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме. 6. Пользователи общаются через электронную почту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многоканальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие средства информационного обмена. 3. Аnswer the questions: 1. What is Internet used for? 2. Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet? 3. What is the World Wide Web? 4. What is Web browser? 5. What does a user need to have an access to the WWW? 16 6. What is hyperlinks? 7. What resources are available on the WWW? 8. What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?
4. Match the following: 1. You access the information through one interface or tool called a … . 2. People connected to the WWW through the local … have access to a variety of information. 3. The user doesn’t need to know where the site is, the … follows the … . 4. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the … . 5. Each … provides a graphical interface. 6. Local … charge money for their services to access … resources. 5. Agree or disagree? Why? 1. Some people think that Internet is very harmful, especially for young people, because it carries a lot of information about sex, drugs, violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship is necessary on the WWW? 2. World famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their copyright because Web-programmers put all kinds of books, pictures, music, films and programs free on the Internet and this reduces their sales and profits. 3. Few people have experience working on the Internet. REVISION TEST: COMPUTERS 1. Translate into Russian: Device, intelligence, procedures, to convert, data, input hardware, suitable, to retrieve, to crash, support, weapon, to require, aid, to provide with, to boot, application software, memory capacity, to conduct, to interact, brain. 2. Translate into English: Оборудование, различный, хранить, цифровой, устройство обработки данных, выполнять, клавиатура, ПЗУ, устройство отображения информации, иконки, увеличение возможностей компьютера, корзина, пользователь, устанавливать, подключай и работай, программы, устройство хранения информации, системные программы, удалённые файлы, курсор.
3. Match the sentences: 1. The basic job of the computer 1. coated with magnetic material 2. Computer has no intelligence 2. to hold computer programmed instructions to the system. 3. Processing hardware directs 3. to provide the user with the means to view the information, produced by the computer system. 17 4. Memory is the component of the computer 4. with Windows 98. 5. The second mouse button has become 5. how to conduct processing. 6. These computer programs (Software) instruct the hardware 6. in which the information is stored. 7. Hard disc is a rigid disc 7. processing of information 8. Your computer will crash less 8. a powerful weapon. 9. When a computer is first turned on 9. the brain of the computer. 10. The purpose of output hardware is 10. the execution of software instructions in the computer 11. There are four elements of the computer system: 11. of communication hardware 12. The central processing unit (CPU) is 12. one of the system’s program is loaded into the computer’s memory. 13. The more memory you have in your computer, 13. hardware, software, procedures, data/information
14. Modem is an example 14. the more operations you can perform. 15. ROM is computer memory used 15. until software is loaded PART II. FIELD OF ELECTRICITY THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with. Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles. Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering. A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment. Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control 18 panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations. Answer the questions: 1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?
2. What are computers used for in modern engineering? 3. What approaches are used in modern engineering? 4. What is «ergonomics»? 5. What does human-factors engineering deal with? ELECTRICAL MEASURING UNITS AND INSTRUMENTS Any instrument which measures electrical values is called a meter. An ammeter measures the current in amperes. The unit is named after Andre Marie Ampere, a French scientist, who discovered" a great number of facts about electricity over a hundred years ago. The abbreviation for the ampere is amp. A voltmeter measures the voltage and the potential difference in volts. The volt is named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist. The current in a conductor is determined by two things, the voltage across the conductor and the resistance of the conductor. Every material object offers some resistance to the flow of an electron current through it. Good conductors like the metals, copper, silver and aluminum offer very little resistance, while nonconductors such as glass, wood and paper offer a very high resistance. The unit by which resistance is measured is called the ohm. The resistance in practice is measured with the ohmmeter. A wattmeter measures electrical power in watts. Very delicate ammeters are often used for measuring very small currents. A meter whose scale is calibrated to read a thousandth of an ampere is called a milliammeter. One whose scale is calibrated in millionth of an ampere is called a microammeter. Whenever an ammeter or voltmeter is connected to a circuit to measure electric current or potential difference the ammeter must be connected in series and the voltmeter in parallel. The ammeter is so connected that all of the electron current passes through it. To prevent a change in the electron current when such an insertion is made, all ammeters must have a low resistance. Most ammeters therefore have a low resistance wire, called a shunt, connected across the armature coil. A voltmeter,
on the other hand, is connected across that part of the circuit for which a measurement of the potential difference is required. Questions: 1. What is a meter? 2. What is a voltmeter? 3. What is a conductor" 4. What is a nonconductor? 5. What is the unit of resistance? 6. What is an ohmmeter? 7. What is the unit of electrical power? 19 NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT. In the modern conception of the constitution of matter it is composed of atoms. The atom is made up of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative charges of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the nucleus at tremendous speeds. The nucleus consists of a number of protons, each with a single positive charge, and, except for hydrogen, one or more neutrons, which have no charge. The atom is neutral when it contains equal numbers of electrons and protons. Negatively charged body contains more electrons than protons. A positively charged body is one which contains fewer electrons than its normal number. When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potentials, such as the terminals of a battery we say that there is an electric current in the conductor. What actually happens? The conductor has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its atoms, and we wants to know how the charges can be made to produce a current. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that they overlap to some extent, so that it is comparatively easy for the outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. The battery causes a potential
difference between the ends of the wire, and thus provides forces that make the negative electrons in the wire move toward the point of higher potential. This electron flow toward the positive electrode is the electric current. Naturally materials differ considerably in the ease with which electrons can be made to migrate from atom to atom. The current will not flow unless there is an electric circuit. The magnitude of the current depends simply on the rate of flow of electrons along the conductor. Vocabulary: they overlap to some extent они взаимно проникают в какой-то мере constitution состав charge заряд to surround окружать to revolve вращать(ся) Match the sentences: 1. Negative charges of electricity a). contains fewer electrons than its normal number. 2. When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potential b). of a number protons. 3. A positively charged body is one which c). contains more electrons than protons. 4. The nucleus consists d). there is an electric current in the conductor. 5. A negatively charged body e). are called electrons. 20
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT This is a circuit. Its elements are a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor. The circuit consists of a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor. A voltage source supplies current. A resistor reduces current. A conductor connects the elements of the circuit. Compare circuit a with circuit b. What is the difference between them? Current passes through circuit a while no current passes through circuit b. Circuit b has an open. No current through circuit b results from an open. An open and a short are troubles in a circuit. A trouble in a circuit may result in no current in it. 1. Complete these sentences, using the correct variant: 1. Circuit a consists of a) resistors and conductors b) a voltage source and resistors c) a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor 2. A voltage source a) conducts current b) reduces current c) supplies current 3. A conductor a) connects the elements b) supplies voltage c) conducts current 4. A resistor a) connects the elements b) supplies current c) reduces current 5. No current results from a) an open b) a short 2. Answer the questions:
1. What elements does a circuit consist of? 2. What is the function of a voltage source? 3. What is the function of a conductor? 4. What is the function of a resistor? 5. When is there no current in a circuit? 6. What does an open or a short result in? 7. What does no current in a circuit result from? 21 SERIES CIRCUIT AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT Compare circuits a and b. Circuit a consists of a voltage source and two resistors. The resistors are connected in series. Circuit a is a series circuit. Circuit b consists of a voltage source and two resistors. The resistors are connected in parallel. Circuit b is a parallel circuit. A parallel circuit has the main line and parallel branches. In circuit b the value of voltage in R1 equals the value of voltage in R2. The value of voltage is the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit while the value of current is different. A parallel circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage. In circuit a the value of current in R1equals the value of current in R2. The value of current is the same in all the elements of a series circuit while the value of voltage is different. A series circuit is used in order to have the same value of current. In circuit c a trouble in one element results in no current in the whole circuit. In circuit d a trouble
in one branch results in no current in that branch only, a trouble in the main line results in no current in the whole circuit. 1. Answer the questions: 1. What type of circuit has the main line and parallel branches? 2. What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of current in all the elements? 3. What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage in all the elements? 4. What does a trouble in the main line result in? 5. What does a trouble in a branch result in? 6. What does no current in a series circuit result from? 7. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits? 2. Complete the sentences, using while. Follow the model: Model: Resistors connected in series have the same value of current … Resistors connected in series have the same value of current while resistors connected in parallel have the same value of voltage. 1. Resistors connected in series have different values of voltage while… . 2. A trouble in one element of a series circuit results in no current in the whole circuit while… . 3. In order to have the same value of current in all the elements, a series 22 circuit is used while… . 4. No current in a parallel circuit results from a trouble in the main line while… . Vocabulary: circuit цепь, контур conductor проводник function назначение
difference разница open обрыв short короткое замыкание trouble повреждение to reduce сокращать to supply снабжать to connect связывать to compare (with) сравнивать (с) to pass through проходить через to result in приводить к, иметь результатом to result from следовать, проистекать из branch отвод line линия value величина series последовательное parallel параллельное main главный, основной in order (to) для того, чтобы METERS Among the most common meters used there are the ohmmeter, the ammeter and the voltmeter. The ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance. It consists of a milliammeter, calibrated to read in ohms, a battery and resistors. The meter is connected in parallel and the circuit is not opened when its resistance is measured. The readings of the scale show the measured value. The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source; the
negative terminal – to the negative terminal of the source. The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings of the scale show the measured value. 23 1. Complete the sentences using the correct form: 1. The ammeter is a). a common meter b). an uncommon meter 2. In order to measure the value of current a). the ohmmeter is used b). the voltmeter is used c). the ammeter is used 3. A meter has a). positive terminals only b). negative terminals only c). positive and negative terminals 4. When the ammeter is used a). the circuit should be opened b). the circuit should not be opened 5. The ammeter should be connected a). in series b). in parallel 6. One should take into consideration that a). the positive terminal should be connected to the negative terminal b). the positive terminal should be connected to the positive terminal of the source 2. Ask each other questions: 1. What is the ammeter is used for? 2. What is the voltmeter is used for?
3. What is the ohmmeter is used for? 4. What terminals does a meter have? 5. Should the measured circuit be opened when the voltmeter is used? 6. Should the measured circuit be opened when the ammeter is used? 7. In what way should the voltmeter be connected to the circuit? 8. In what way should the ammeter be connected to the circuit? 9. What is the difference between a voltmeter and an ammeter? 10. What common meters are used to measure the values in a circuit? New words: meter измерительный прибор battery батарея 24 scale шкала readings показания на шкале (прибора) terminal клемма to measure измерять to take into consideration принимать во внимание in this way таким путём, таким образом RESISTORS Resistors is one of the most common elements of any circuit. Resistors are used: 1. to reduce the value of current in the circuit; 3. to produce IR voltage drop and in this way to change the value of the voltage. When current is passing through a resistor its temperature rises high. The higher the value of current the higher is the temperature of a resistor. Each resistor has a maximum temperature to which it may be heated without a trouble. If the temperature rises higher the resistor gets open and opens the circuit.
Resistors are rated in watts. The watt is the rate at which electric energy is supplied when a current of one ampere is passing at a potential difference of one volt. A resistor is rated as I-W resistor if its resistance equals 1,000,000 ohms and its current-carrying capacity equals 1/1,000,000 amp., since P=E×I=I²R where P – is power is given in watts, R – resistance is given in ohms and I – current is given in amperes. If a resistor has a resistance of only two ohms but its current-carrying capacity equals 2,000 amp., it is rated as a 8,000,000-W resistor. Some resistors have a constant value – these are fixed resistors, the value of other resistors may be varied – these are variable resistors. Vocabulary: capacity ёмкость power мощность heat теплота, нагрев rate скорость, степень to vary варьировать(ся) fixed постоянный variable переменный the (more)…the (more) чем(больше)… тем(больше) 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is the resistor is used for? 2. When does the temperature of a resistor rise? 3. What element is used to change the value of voltage? 4. How are resistors rated? 25 5. What types of resistors do you know? 6. When does a resistor get open? 7. What does an open resistor result in? 8. What is the difference between a fixed resistor and a variable resistor?
9. How much is the current-carrying capacity of a two-ohm resistor? 10. What resistors have a variable value? 2. True or false: 1. A resistor is used to measure the resistance. 2. When current is passes through a resistor its temperature rises. 3. Resistors are rated in volts. 4. Power is given in watts. 5. Fixed resistors have a variable value. 6. The value of a variable resistor is fixed. 7. A two-ohm resistor rated as a 8,000,000-W resistor has a current- carrying capacity equal to 2,000amperes. 8. The higher the value of current, the lower is the temperature of a resistor. ELECTRIC CELLS An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect the cell to the circuit – current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights. (fig.5) Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to increase the voltage output cells should be connected in series. In case the battery has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in series-parallel. When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell – to the negative terminal of the third… and so on. When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected together and their positive terminals are also connected. (fig.2) In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell
should be substituted by another one. (fig.3) 26 Vocabulary: cell элемент output ёмкость, мощность bulb электрическая лампа to light зажигать, освещать to increase увеличивать(ся), возрастать to substitute заменять … and so on и так далее 1. Translate into Russian: 1) current capacity resistor temperature voltage output current value 2) to start supplying energy to stop operating to start lightening to stop lightening the bulbs 3) to operate well to operate badly to increase the voltage output to substitute the resistor 2. Answer the questions: 1. What is cell used for? 2. What does a cell consist of? 3. What is the function of the terminals? 4. In what way are cells connected in order to increase the voltage output? 5. in what way are cells connected in order to increase the current
capacity? 6. In what way are the terminals of series cells connected? 7. In what case does a cell stop operating? 8. What should be done in case it stops operating? 3. Retell the text using the questions to the text. CAPACITORS A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. (fig. 1 & 2). 27 The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent a short. In the diagram one can see two common types of capacitors in use nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable one. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for this reason its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor move; its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to vary the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are used in telephone and radio work. Fixed capacitors have insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in radio and electronics; their advantage is their high capacity: it may be higher than 1,000picofarad. Besides, electrolyte capacitors are highly in use. They also have a very high capacity: it varies from 0,5 to 2,000 microfarad. Their disadvantage is that they change their capacity when the temperature changes. They can operate without a change only at temperatures not lower than –40˚ С Сommon troubles in capacitors are an open and a short. A capacitor stops operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble. A capacitor with a
trouble should be substituted by a new one. Vocabulary: capacitor конденсатор insulator изолятор frequency частота advantage преимущество disadvantage недостаток plate анод (лампы) to apply прилагать, применять to move двигать(ся) to prevent предотвращать reason причина for this reason по этой причине besides кроме того provided that при условии, что 28 1. Complete these sentences using the correct variant: 1. A capacitor is used a). to supply voltage b). to increase the voltage output c). to store energy 2. The main parts of a capacitor are a). insulators only b). metal plates only c). metal plates and insulators between them 3. The function of insulators a). to store energy b). to isolate the metal plates c). to prevent a short between the metal plates 4. The capacity of a capacitor
depends on a). the size of the plates b). the distance between the plates c). the material of the insulators 5. The capacity of a fixed capacitor a). is constant b). is varied 6. The plates of a variable capacitor a). can be moved b). cannot be moved 7. In order to charge a capacitor a voltage source is applied a). to the metal plates b). to the insulators 8. The greater the distance between the plates a). the greater is the capacity of a capacitor b). the less is the capacity 9. Variable capacitors have a). air insulators b). paper insulators c). ceramic insulators 10. Electrolyte capacitors have a). a very low capacity b). a very high capacity 11. In case a capacitor has a
trouble a). it operates b). it stops operating 2. Complete the sentences: 1. A capacitor is used … . 2. The main parts of a capacitor are … . 3. The function of insulators is … . 4. The capacity of a capacitor depends on … . 5. The fixed capacitor differs from the variable one: … . 6. Variable capacitors have insulators produced of …, … and … . 7. Common troubles in capacitors are… , … . CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it. 29 The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance. It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes. Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the temperature coefficient or the less the
change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material. Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Current passes through insulators with great difficulty. The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics. Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in order to make them conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be. When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions: 1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and 2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied. Vocabulary: cheap дешёвый copper медь (to) decrease уменьшать, уменьшение load нагрузка make smb (smth) do smth. заставить кого-либо (что-либо) делать что-либо thus таким образом, так rubber резина since так как (to) increase увеличить, увеличение 1. Find answers to these questions in the text: 1) What materials are called conductors? 2) What is the advantage of copper compared with silver? 3) What is the most common function of wire conductors?
4) What is a minimum voltage drop produced in copper conductors? 30 5) What is the relation between the value of resistance and the temperature in carbon? 6) What materials are called insulators? 7) What are the most common insulators? 8) What are the two main functions of insulators? 2. Translate into Russian: 1) Copper conductors are widely used since they are much cheaper than silver ones. 2) A minimum voltage drop is produced in copper wire conductors since they have a low resistance. 3) A bulb connected to an open circuit does not light since an open circuit has no current. 3.Сomplete the sentences using the right variant: 1. Insulators are materials having a). low resistance b). high resistance 2. Current passes through conductors a). easily b). with great difficulty 3. Copper and silver are a). common conductors b). common insulators 4. Air, paper and plastics are a). common insulators b). common conductors 5. In case a high voltage is applied to an insulator
a). it does not conduct current b). it conducts current 6. Insulators are used a). to store electric charge b). to reduce voltage c). to prevent a short between conducting wires 7. Metals increase their resistance a). when the temperature decreases b). when the temperature increases 8. Carbon decreases its resistance a). when the temperature increases b). when the temperature decreases 9. Metals have a). a positive temperature coefficient of resistance b). a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. TRANSFORMERS Transformer is used to transfer energy. Due to the transformer electric power may be transferred at a high voltage and reduced at the point where it must be used to any value. Besides, a transformer is used to change the voltage and current value in a circuit. A two winding transformer consists of a closed core and two coils (windings). The primary winding is connected to the voltage source. It receives 31 energy. The secondary winding is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load. The value of voltage across the secondary terminal depends on the number of turns in it. In case it is equal to the number of turns in the primary winding
the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as in the primary. In case the secondary has more turns than the primary the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. The voltage in the secondary is greater than the voltage in the primary by as many times as the number of turns in the secondary is greater than the number of turns in the primary. A transformer of this type increases or steps up the voltage and is called a step-up transformer. In case the secondary has fewer turns than the primary the output voltage is lower than the input. Such a transformer decreases or steps down the voltage, it is called a step- down transformer. Compare T¹ and T² in the diagram. T¹ has an iron core. For this reason it is used for low-frequency currents. T² has an air core and it is used for high frequencies. Common troubles in transformers are an open in the winding, a short between the primary and the secondary, and a short between turns. In case a transformer has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. A transformer with a trouble should be substituted. Vocabulary: core сердечник winding обмотка turn виток to step up повышать to step down понижать frequency частота due to благодаря, из-за 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is transformer used for? 2. What does a transformer consist of? 3. What is the function of the primary winding? 4. What is the function of the secondary winding?
32 5. What type of transformer is called a step-up transformer? 6. What type of transformer is used for high-frequency currents? 7. What type of transformer is called a step-down transformer? 8. What type of transformer is used for low-frequency currents? 9. What is the relation between the number of turns in the windings and the value of current? 10. What are common troubles in a transformer? 11. What should be done in case a transformer has a trouble? 2. Translate into Russian: iron core closed core input voltage output voltage primary winding secondary winding step-up transformer step-down transformer 3. Translate the text: Current transformers are used for operating ammeters, wattmeters and other measuring devices. They produce in the meters a current lower than the measured current but proportional to it. Current transformers also insulate the instrument from the circuit which is being measured. This is necessary for high voltage circuit. TYPES OF CURRENT Current is a flow of electricity through a circuit. Let us consider two main types of current: direct and alternating. A direct current (d.c.) flows through a conducting circuit in one direction only. It flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit. An alternating current (a.c.) is a current that changes its direction of flow through a circuit. It flows provided an alternating voltage source is applied to the circuit. Alternating current flows in cycles. The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of current. In a 60-cycle alternating current circuit the
current flows in one direction 60 times and in other direction 60 times per second. It is easy to transform a.c. power from one voltage to another by a transformer. Transformers are also used to step down the voltage at the receiving point of the line to the low values that are necessary for use. When necessary a.c. can be changed into d.c. but this is seldom necessary. Vocabulary: alternating переменный direct прямой flow течение to consider рассматривать 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is current? 33 2. What types of current do you know? 3. When does a direct current flow? 4. What type of current is called an alternating current? 5. What type of current is called a direct current? 6. What is called the frequency of current? 7. What device is used to transform a.c. power from one voltage to another? 8. Is it often necessary to change a.c. to d.c.? COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT The main components of any circuit are devices that produce and utilize electric energy. They are: 1. power sources, 2. utilizing loads, 3. connecting conductors. The most common power sources are electric generators and primary cells. Electric generators convert chemical energy into electric energy. Loads include electric heaters, electric motors, incandescent lamps, etc.
Motors convert electric energy into mechanical, incandescent lamps and heaters convert electric energy into light and heat. Utilizing devices or loads convert electric energy into thermal, mechanical or chemical energy. Electrical power is delivered from power sources to loads by electric wires. According to their materials, wires can be aluminum, copper, steel, etc. Besides, electric circuits use different types of switches, protection devices (relays and fuses), and meters (ammeters, voltmeters, etc.) 1. Choose the right answer: 1. The main components of electric circuits are a) loads and wires; b) power sources, load and wires. 2. Power sources are used a) to produce electric energy; b) to deliver it to the loads. 3. Electric conductors are used a) to connect the circuit elements; b) to deliver electric power. 4) Protection devices are utilized a) in some circuits; b) in any circuit. 5) A switch is utilized a) in some series; b) in any circuit. 2. Answer the questions: 1. What are the main components of an electric circuit? 2. What is the function of an electric source? 3. What is the function of a load? 34 4. What is the function of wire conductors?
5. What other devices are utilized in a circuit? VOCABULARY REVISION Translate into Russian: 1. Circuit, conductor, open, short, trouble, power, capacity, rate, series circuit, parallel circuit. 2. to reduce, to supply, to result in, to result from, to produce, to change, to vary, to pass, to connect, to compare (with). 3. low, high, fixed, bulb, to increase, to decrease, to substitute, to move, to prevent, frequency. 4. capacitor, insulator, for this reason, provided that, core, winding, transformer, alternating, direct, flow. 5. use, copper, steel, to deliver, to convert, according to, chemical cells, protection devices, variable resistors, various fuses. 35 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ 1. А.Л. Луговая. Английский язык для энергетических специальностей. Москва «Высшая школа», 2002. 2. И.П. Агабекян. Английский для технических ВУЗов. Ростов-на- Дону «Феникс», 2001. 3. И.П. Агабекян. Английский для средних специальных учебных аведений Ростов-на-Дону «Феникс», 2001. 3. М.Я. Чистик. Учебник для политехнических ВУЗов Москва, 1988. 4. Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова Английский язык. Книга для чтения для заочных технических ВУЗов Москва «Высшая школа» 1988. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА………………………………………. 3 I. COMPUTERS………………………………………………………….. 4 WHAT IS COMPUTER? ............................................................................ 4
WHAT IS HARDWARE? ........................................................................... 5 TYPES OF SOFTWARE…………………………………………………. 8 WINDOWS 98…………………………………………………………….. 10 OPERATING SYSTEMS………………………………………………… 11 INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND INTERNET………………… 14 REVISION TEST………………………………………………………… 16 II. FIELD OF ELECTRICITY………………………………………….. 17 THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION…………….. 17 ELECTRICAL MEASURING UNITS AND INSTRUMENTS……….. 18 NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT………………………………… 19 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT…………………………………………………… 20 SERIES CIRCUIT AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT……………………… 21 METERS………………………………………………………………….. 22 RESISTORS……………………………………………………………….. 24 ELECTRIC CELLS………………………………………………………. 25 CAPACITORS…………………………………………………………….. 26 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS…………………………………… 28 TRANSFORMERS………………………………………………………… 30 TYPES OF CURRENT…………………………………………………… 32 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT…………………………… 33 VOCABULARY REVISION.…………………………………………… 34 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ…………………….. 35 36 ОГСЭ.03 ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК ПРАКТИКУМ Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями для обучающихся очной формы обучения 3 - 4 курсов специальности 08.02.09 «Монтаж, наладка и эксплуатация электрооборудования промышленных и гражданских зданий»
Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями разработал преподаватель: Демяник Г.К. Подписано к печати 24.03.2016 г. Объем 2,2 п.л. Формат 60х84/16 Заказ Тираж 60 экз. МИНОБРНАУКИ РОССИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» НИЖНЕВАРТОВСКИЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ ТЕХНИКУМ (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» 628615 Тюменская обл., Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ, г. НиPART I. COMPUTERS WHAT IS COMPUTER? Computer is a device for processing information. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements: • Hardware • Software • Procedures • Data/information Software are the programs that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into
information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form. Working vocabulary: • device – устройство • intelligence – разум • hardware – оборудование • software – программы • processing – обработка • procedures – процедуры, операции • perform – выполнять • manner – манера, способ • various – различные • purpose – цель • to convert – превращать • data – данные • to store – хранить • digital – цифровой 5 1. General understanding: 1. What does the term «computer» describe? 2. Is computer intelligent? 3. What are four components of computer system? 4. What is software? 5. What's the difference between the hardware and software? 6. In what way terms «data» and «information» differ? 7. How does computer convert data into information? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже терминов имеют аналоги в русском языке? computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data,
microphone, printer, modem, Internet. 3. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device 2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded. 3) There are four elements of computer system; hardware, software, diskettes and data. 4) Without software instructions hardware doesn't know what to do. 5) The software is the most important component because it is made. 6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output. 7) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded. WHAT IS HARDWARE Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware – the devices composing a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four categories: 1) input hardware 2) processing hardware 3) storage hardware 4) output hardware. Input hardware Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone
and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. 6 Processing hardware Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing. Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform. Storage hardware The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. Floppy disk (diskette) — a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25' and 3.5'. 3.5' disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now
because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drivers can provide nowadays. Output hardware The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer. Working vocabulary: 7 input hardware – устройства ввода данных to convert – преобразовывать to roll – катать, перекатывать to reach – достигать keyboard – клавиатура processing hardware – устройства обработки данных execution – выполнение to direct – управлять central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor – микропроцессор brain – мозг to interpret – переводить, интерпретировать RAM – ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM – ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство) storage hardware – устройства хранения данных to retrieve – извлекать hard disk – жесткий диск, «винчестер» CD-ROM – накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD) CD-ROM drives – дисководы CD-ROM digitized – в цифровом виде graphics – графика temporary – временный output hardware – устройство отображения информации to connect – соединять to provide – обеспечивать to affect – влиять amount – количество 1. General understanding: 1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of thehardware? 2. What groups of hardware exist? 3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware? 4. What is the mouse designed for? 5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC? 6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM? 7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them
into a form suitable for computer processing. Scanner is used to input graphics only. 2. CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper. 8 3. User is unable to change the contents of ROM. 4. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information. 5. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines. 6. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data. 3. Что из нижеперечисленного является оборудованием? 1. program 2. mouse 3. CPU 4. printer 5. modem 6. instruction 7. cursor or the pointer 8. keyboard 9. symbol TYPES OF SOFTWARE A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and
applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly go along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to «understand» the newly attached part. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. 9 Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network
communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet. Working vocabulary: to direct — управлять to conduct — проводить to complete — завершать equipment — оборудование internal — внутренний to require — требовать control — управление specific — конкретный, определенный general-purpose — многоцелевой aid — помощь regard — отношение regardless — безотносительно, несмотря на memory capacity — вместимость памяти to install — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталлировать to transfer — переводить, переносить to provide with — обеспечивать чем- либо to secure — обеспечивать безопасность security — безопасность to develop — развивать, проявлять developer — разработчик to check — проверять
attach — присоединять Web-browser — «броузер» (программа, позволяющая пользователю искать и считывать информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet) peripheral — периферийный to boot — запускать to handle — управлять gimmick — зд. приманка 1. General understanding: 1) What is a software? 2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided? 3) What is system software for? 4) What is an operating system — system or application software? 5) What is a «driver»? 6) What is application software? 7) What are application software for? 8) What is the tendency in application software market in recent years? 9) What is the application of the communication software? 2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage. 2) System software controls internal computer activities. 10 3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used. 4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and
disk drives is unavailable for system software. 5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving. 6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware. 7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources. 8) Communication software is of great need now because of the new advances in communication technologies. 9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument. 10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network. 3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте: 1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций. 2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность). 3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга. 4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы. 5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство. 6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память. 7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировала много к производству соответствующих программных продуктов возрастающим числом компаний-разработчиков. WINDOWS 98
Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It's very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them. Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your 11 computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files. Working vocabulary: expanding windows principle – принцип расширяющихся окон icons – иконки represent – представлять to interact – взаимодействовать weapon – оружие Recycle Bin – корзина to recover – восстановить deleted files – удаленные файлы to crash – зависать, давать сбои plug-n-play – подключай и работай upgrade – апгрейд (увеличение возможностей компьютера) support – поддержка necessity – необходимость to move forward – двигаться вперед
shortcut capability – возможность нахождения кратчайшего пути frequently – часто OPERATING SYSTEMS When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands. The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number. 12 Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0,
3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use. Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space. Working vocabulary: complex – сложный to consume – потреблять consumer – потребитель to realize – осознать
smart – умный, умно decade – декада, десятилетие version – версия to enhance – расширять, увеличивать top – верх, вершина on top of DOS – «сверху», на основе ДОС compatible – совместимый with a click of a mouse – одним нажатием кнопки мыши access – доступ to allow – позволять multiple users – многочисленные пользователи simultaneously – одновременно 13 to desire – желать to ship – поставлять, доставлять 1. Заполните пропуски: 1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. 2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system 4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs. 5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. a) UNIX b) DOS c) NT OS/2 d) Windows 95
2. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст. 1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners. 2) The operational system control and manage the useof the hardware and the memory usage. 3) There are no commands available in operating sys tems, only word processors. 4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete withIBM's PC-DOS. 5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory. 6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft. 7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously 8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface. 3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте: 1) Современная операционные системы контролируют использование системного оборудования, например, принтера и мыши. 2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные системы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд. 3) OS/2 – DOS совместимая операционная система, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи графического интерфейса пользователя. 4) Дополнительные программы для работы с устройствами системного оборудования были очень сложны и поглощали много времени. 5) Операционная система также позволяет запускать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор. 6) DOS – наиболее распространенная операционная система для персонального компьютера. 14
INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Inter- net, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link. All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer,
then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a much of use and fun it is. Working vocabulary: retrieve – извлекать variety – спектр recreation – развлечение network – сеть share – делить humanities – гуманитарные науки business transaction – коммерческие операции to provide – обеспечивать чем-либо provider – провайдер (компания, предоставляющая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети) broadcast live – передавать в прямом эфире site – страница, сайт to link – соединять hyperlink 15 web – паутина browser – броузер (программа поиска информации) hyperlink – гиперссылка to compete – соревноваться
access – доступ 1. True or false: 1. There are still not so many users of the Internet. 2. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts. 3. People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only. 4. Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way. 5. You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser. 6. You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user. 7. You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only. 8. every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses. 9. Films and pictures are not available on the Internet. 10. Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They are not available yet. 2. Find the equivalents: 1. Объём ресурсов и услуг, которые являются частью WWW, растёт чрезвычайно быстро. 2. Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудиофайл где-то в Интернете. 3. Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения. 4. Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам Интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-браузер. 5. Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десяткам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных к Интернет и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.
6. Пользователи общаются через электронную почту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многоканальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие средства информационного обмена. 3. Аnswer the questions: 1. What is Internet used for? 2. Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet? 3. What is the World Wide Web? 4. What is Web browser? 5. What does a user need to have an access to the WWW? 16 6. What is hyperlinks? 7. What resources are available on the WWW? 8. What are the basic recreational applications of WWW? 4. Match the following: 1. You access the information through one interface or tool called a … . 2. People connected to the WWW through the local … have access to a variety of information. 3. The user doesn’t need to know where the site is, the … follows the … . 4. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the … . 5. Each … provides a graphical interface. 6. Local … charge money for their services to access … resources. 5. Agree or disagree? Why? 1. Some people think that Internet is very harmful, especially for young people, because it carries a lot of information about sex, drugs, violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship is necessary on the WWW? 2. World famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their copyright because Web-programmers put all kinds of books, pictures, music,
films and programs free on the Internet and this reduces their sales and profits. 3. Few people have experience working on the Internet. REVISION TEST: COMPUTERS 1. Translate into Russian: Device, intelligence, procedures, to convert, data, input hardware, suitable, to retrieve, to crash, support, weapon, to require, aid, to provide with, to boot, application software, memory capacity, to conduct, to interact, brain. 2. Translate into English: Оборудование, различный, хранить, цифровой, устройство обработки данных, выполнять, клавиатура, ПЗУ, устройство отображения информации, иконки, увеличение возможностей компьютера, корзина, пользователь, устанавливать, подключай и работай, программы, устройство хранения информации, системные программы, удалённые файлы, курсор. 3. Match the sentences: 1. The basic job of the computer 1. coated with magnetic material 2. Computer has no intelligence 2. to hold computer programmed instructions to the system. 3. Processing hardware directs 3. to provide the user with the means to view the information, produced by the computer system. 17 4. Memory is the component of the computer 4. with Windows 98. 5. The second mouse button has become 5. how to conduct processing. 6. These computer programs (Software) instruct the hardware 6. in which the information is stored.
7. Hard disc is a rigid disc 7. processing of information 8. Your computer will crash less 8. a powerful weapon. 9. When a computer is first turned on 9. the brain of the computer. 10. The purpose of output hardware is 10. the execution of software instructions in the computer 11. There are four elements of the computer system: 11. of communication hardware 12. The central processing unit (CPU) is 12. one of the system’s program is loaded into the computer’s memory. 13. The more memory you have in your computer, 13. hardware, software, procedures, data/information 14. Modem is an example 14. the more operations you can perform. 15. ROM is computer memory used 15. until software is loaded PART II. FIELD OF ELECTRICITY THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with. Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles. Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by
workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering. A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment. Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control 18 panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations. Answer the questions: 1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession? 2. What are computers used for in modern engineering? 3. What approaches are used in modern engineering? 4. What is «ergonomics»? 5. What does human-factors engineering deal with? ELECTRICAL MEASURING UNITS AND INSTRUMENTS Any instrument which measures electrical values is called a meter. An ammeter measures the current in amperes. The unit is named after Andre Marie Ampere, a French scientist, who discovered" a great number of facts about electricity over a hundred years ago. The abbreviation for the ampere is amp. A voltmeter measures the voltage and the potential difference in volts. The volt is named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist. The current in a conductor is determined by two things, the voltage across the conductor and the resistance of the conductor. Every material object offers some resistance to the flow of an electron current through it. Good conductors like the metals, copper, silver and aluminum offer very little resistance, while
nonconductors such as glass, wood and paper offer a very high resistance. The unit by which resistance is measured is called the ohm. The resistance in practice is measured with the ohmmeter. A wattmeter measures electrical power in watts. Very delicate ammeters are often used for measuring very small currents. A meter whose scale is calibrated to read a thousandth of an ampere is called a milliammeter. One whose scale is calibrated in millionth of an ampere is called a microammeter. Whenever an ammeter or voltmeter is connected to a circuit to measure electric current or potential difference the ammeter must be connected in series and the voltmeter in parallel. The ammeter is so connected that all of the electron current passes through it. To prevent a change in the electron current when such an insertion is made, all ammeters must have a low resistance. Most ammeters therefore have a low resistance wire, called a shunt, connected across the armature coil. A voltmeter, on the other hand, is connected across that part of the circuit for which a measurement of the potential difference is required. Questions: 1. What is a meter? 2. What is a voltmeter? 3. What is a conductor" 4. What is a nonconductor? 5. What is the unit of resistance? 6. What is an ohmmeter? 7. What is the unit of electrical power? 19 NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT. In the modern conception of the constitution of matter it is composed of atoms. The atom is made up of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative charges of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the nucleus at
tremendous speeds. The nucleus consists of a number of protons, each with a single positive charge, and, except for hydrogen, one or more neutrons, which have no charge. The atom is neutral when it contains equal numbers of electrons and protons. Negatively charged body contains more electrons than protons. A positively charged body is one which contains fewer electrons than its normal number. When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potentials, such as the terminals of a battery we say that there is an electric current in the conductor. What actually happens? The conductor has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its atoms, and we wants to know how the charges can be made to produce a current. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that they overlap to some extent, so that it is comparatively easy for the outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. The battery causes a potential difference between the ends of the wire, and thus provides forces that make the negative electrons in the wire move toward the point of higher potential. This electron flow toward the positive electrode is the electric current. Naturally materials differ considerably in the ease with which electrons can be made to migrate from atom to atom. The current will not flow unless there is an electric circuit. The magnitude of the current depends simply on the rate of flow of electrons along the conductor. Vocabulary: they overlap to some extent они взаимно проникают в какой-то мере constitution состав charge заряд to surround окружать to revolve вращать(ся) Match the sentences:
1. Negative charges of electricity a). contains fewer electrons than its normal number. 2. When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potential b). of a number protons. 3. A positively charged body is one which c). contains more electrons than protons. 4. The nucleus consists d). there is an electric current in the conductor. 5. A negatively charged body e). are called electrons. 20 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT This is a circuit. Its elements are a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor. The circuit consists of a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor. A voltage source supplies current. A resistor reduces current. A conductor connects the elements of the circuit. Compare circuit a with circuit b. What is the difference between them? Current passes through circuit a while no current passes through circuit b. Circuit b has an open. No current through circuit b results from an open. An open and a short are troubles in a circuit. A trouble in a circuit may result in no current in it. 1. Complete these sentences, using the correct variant: 1. Circuit a consists of a) resistors and conductors b) a voltage source and resistors
c) a voltage source, a resistor and a conductor 2. A voltage source a) conducts current b) reduces current c) supplies current 3. A conductor a) connects the elements b) supplies voltage c) conducts current 4. A resistor a) connects the elements b) supplies current c) reduces current 5. No current results from a) an open b) a short 2. Answer the questions: 1. What elements does a circuit consist of? 2. What is the function of a voltage source? 3. What is the function of a conductor? 4. What is the function of a resistor? 5. When is there no current in a circuit? 6. What does an open or a short result in? 7. What does no current in a circuit result from? 21 SERIES CIRCUIT AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT Compare circuits a and b. Circuit a consists of a voltage source and two resistors. The resistors are connected in series. Circuit a is a series circuit. Circuit b consists of a voltage source and two resistors. The resistors are connected in parallel. Circuit b is a parallel circuit.
A parallel circuit has the main line and parallel branches. In circuit b the value of voltage in R1 equals the value of voltage in R2. The value of voltage is the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit while the value of current is different. A parallel circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage. In circuit a the value of current in R1equals the value of current in R2. The value of current is the same in all the elements of a series circuit while the value of voltage is different. A series circuit is used in order to have the same value of current. In circuit c a trouble in one element results in no current in the whole circuit. In circuit d a trouble in one branch results in no current in that branch only, a trouble in the main line results in no current in the whole circuit. 1. Answer the questions: 1. What type of circuit has the main line and parallel branches? 2. What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of current in all the elements? 3. What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage in all the elements? 4. What does a trouble in the main line result in? 5. What does a trouble in a branch result in? 6. What does no current in a series circuit result from? 7. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits? 2. Complete the sentences, using while. Follow the model: Model: Resistors connected in series have the same value of current …
Resistors connected in series have the same value of current while resistors connected in parallel have the same value of voltage. 1. Resistors connected in series have different values of voltage while… . 2. A trouble in one element of a series circuit results in no current in the whole circuit while… . 3. In order to have the same value of current in all the elements, a series 22 circuit is used while… . 4. No current in a parallel circuit results from a trouble in the main line while… . Vocabulary: circuit цепь, контур conductor проводник function назначение difference разница open обрыв short короткое замыкание trouble повреждение to reduce сокращать to supply снабжать to connect связывать to compare (with) сравнивать (с) to pass through проходить через to result in приводить к, иметь результатом to result from следовать, проистекать из branch отвод line линия value величина series последовательное
parallel параллельное main главный, основной in order (to) для того, чтобы METERS Among the most common meters used there are the ohmmeter, the ammeter and the voltmeter. The ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance. It consists of a milliammeter, calibrated to read in ohms, a battery and resistors. The meter is connected in parallel and the circuit is not opened when its resistance is measured. The readings of the scale show the measured value. The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source; the negative terminal – to the negative terminal of the source. The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings of the scale show the measured value. 23 1. Complete the sentences using the correct form: 1. The ammeter is a). a common meter b). an uncommon meter 2. In order to measure the value of current a). the ohmmeter is used b). the voltmeter is used c). the ammeter is used 3. A meter has a). positive terminals only b). negative terminals only c). positive and negative terminals
4. When the ammeter is used a). the circuit should be opened b). the circuit should not be opened 5. The ammeter should be connected a). in series b). in parallel 6. One should take into consideration that a). the positive terminal should be connected to the negative terminal b). the positive terminal should be connected to the positive terminal of the source 2. Ask each other questions: 1. What is the ammeter is used for? 2. What is the voltmeter is used for? 3. What is the ohmmeter is used for? 4. What terminals does a meter have? 5. Should the measured circuit be opened when the voltmeter is used? 6. Should the measured circuit be opened when the ammeter is used? 7. In what way should the voltmeter be connected to the circuit? 8. In what way should the ammeter be connected to the circuit? 9. What is the difference between a voltmeter and an ammeter? 10. What common meters are used to measure the values in a circuit? New words: meter измерительный прибор battery батарея 24 scale шкала readings показания на шкале (прибора) terminal клемма
to measure измерять to take into consideration принимать во внимание in this way таким путём, таким образом RESISTORS Resistors is one of the most common elements of any circuit. Resistors are used: 1. to reduce the value of current in the circuit; 3. to produce IR voltage drop and in this way to change the value of the voltage. When current is passing through a resistor its temperature rises high. The higher the value of current the higher is the temperature of a resistor. Each resistor has a maximum temperature to which it may be heated without a trouble. If the temperature rises higher the resistor gets open and opens the circuit. Resistors are rated in watts. The watt is the rate at which electric energy is supplied when a current of one ampere is passing at a potential difference of one volt. A resistor is rated as I-W resistor if its resistance equals 1,000,000 ohms and its current-carrying capacity equals 1/1,000,000 amp., since P=E×I=I²R where P – is power is given in watts, R – resistance is given in ohms and I – current is given in amperes. If a resistor has a resistance of only two ohms but its current-carrying capacity equals 2,000 amp., it is rated as a 8,000,000-W resistor. Some resistors have a constant value – these are fixed resistors, the value of other resistors may be varied – these are variable resistors. Vocabulary: capacity ёмкость power мощность heat теплота, нагрев rate скорость, степень
to vary варьировать(ся) fixed постоянный variable переменный the (more)…the (more) чем(больше)… тем(больше) 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is the resistor is used for? 2. When does the temperature of a resistor rise? 3. What element is used to change the value of voltage? 4. How are resistors rated? 25 5. What types of resistors do you know? 6. When does a resistor get open? 7. What does an open resistor result in? 8. What is the difference between a fixed resistor and a variable resistor? 9. How much is the current-carrying capacity of a two-ohm resistor? 10. What resistors have a variable value? 2. True or false: 1. A resistor is used to measure the resistance. 2. When current is passes through a resistor its temperature rises. 3. Resistors are rated in volts. 4. Power is given in watts. 5. Fixed resistors have a variable value. 6. The value of a variable resistor is fixed. 7. A two-ohm resistor rated as a 8,000,000-W resistor has a current- carrying capacity equal to 2,000amperes. 8. The higher the value of current, the lower is the temperature of a resistor. ELECTRIC CELLS An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of
an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect the cell to the circuit – current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights. (fig.5) Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to increase the voltage output cells should be connected in series. In case the battery has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in series-parallel. When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell – to the negative terminal of the third… and so on. When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected together and their positive terminals are also connected. (fig.2) In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell should be substituted by another one. (fig.3) 26 Vocabulary: cell элемент output ёмкость, мощность bulb электрическая лампа to light зажигать, освещать to increase увеличивать(ся), возрастать to substitute заменять … and so on и так далее 1. Translate into Russian: 1) current capacity resistor temperature voltage output current value
2) to start supplying energy to stop operating to start lightening to stop lightening the bulbs 3) to operate well to operate badly to increase the voltage output to substitute the resistor 2. Answer the questions: 1. What is cell used for? 2. What does a cell consist of? 3. What is the function of the terminals? 4. In what way are cells connected in order to increase the voltage output? 5. in what way are cells connected in order to increase the current capacity? 6. In what way are the terminals of series cells connected? 7. In what case does a cell stop operating? 8. What should be done in case it stops operating? 3. Retell the text using the questions to the text. CAPACITORS A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. (fig. 1 & 2). 27 The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent a short. In the diagram one can see two common types of capacitors in use nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable one. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for this reason its capacity does not change. The plates of a
variable capacitor move; its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to vary the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are used in telephone and radio work. Fixed capacitors have insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in radio and electronics; their advantage is their high capacity: it may be higher than 1,000picofarad. Besides, electrolyte capacitors are highly in use. They also have a very high capacity: it varies from 0,5 to 2,000 microfarad. Their disadvantage is that they change their capacity when the temperature changes. They can operate without a change only at temperatures not lower than –40˚ С Сommon troubles in capacitors are an open and a short. A capacitor stops operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble. A capacitor with a trouble should be substituted by a new one. Vocabulary: capacitor конденсатор insulator изолятор frequency частота advantage преимущество disadvantage недостаток plate анод (лампы) to apply прилагать, применять to move двигать(ся) to prevent предотвращать reason причина for this reason по этой причине besides кроме того provided that при условии, что
28 1. Complete these sentences using the correct variant: 1. A capacitor is used a). to supply voltage b). to increase the voltage output c). to store energy 2. The main parts of a capacitor are a). insulators only b). metal plates only c). metal plates and insulators between them 3. The function of insulators a). to store energy b). to isolate the metal plates c). to prevent a short between the metal plates 4. The capacity of a capacitor depends on a). the size of the plates b). the distance between the plates c). the material of the insulators 5. The capacity of a fixed capacitor a). is constant b). is varied 6. The plates of a variable capacitor a). can be moved b). cannot be moved 7. In order to charge a capacitor a voltage source is applied
a). to the metal plates b). to the insulators 8. The greater the distance between the plates a). the greater is the capacity of a capacitor b). the less is the capacity 9. Variable capacitors have a). air insulators b). paper insulators c). ceramic insulators 10. Electrolyte capacitors have a). a very low capacity b). a very high capacity 11. In case a capacitor has a trouble a). it operates b). it stops operating 2. Complete the sentences: 1. A capacitor is used … . 2. The main parts of a capacitor are … . 3. The function of insulators is … . 4. The capacity of a capacitor depends on … . 5. The fixed capacitor differs from the variable one: … . 6. Variable capacitors have insulators produced of …, … and … . 7. Common troubles in capacitors are… , … . CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.
29 The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance. It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes. Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the temperature coefficient or the less the change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material. Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Current passes through insulators with great difficulty. The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics. Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in order to make them conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be. When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions: 1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and 2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied. Vocabulary:
cheap дешёвый copper медь (to) decrease уменьшать, уменьшение load нагрузка make smb (smth) do smth. заставить кого-либо (что-либо) делать что-либо thus таким образом, так rubber резина since так как (to) increase увеличить, увеличение 1. Find answers to these questions in the text: 1) What materials are called conductors? 2) What is the advantage of copper compared with silver? 3) What is the most common function of wire conductors? 4) What is a minimum voltage drop produced in copper conductors? 30 5) What is the relation between the value of resistance and the temperature in carbon? 6) What materials are called insulators? 7) What are the most common insulators? 8) What are the two main functions of insulators? 2. Translate into Russian: 1) Copper conductors are widely used since they are much cheaper than silver ones. 2) A minimum voltage drop is produced in copper wire conductors since they have a low resistance. 3) A bulb connected to an open circuit does not light since an open circuit has no current. 3.Сomplete the sentences using the right variant:
1. Insulators are materials having a). low resistance b). high resistance 2. Current passes through conductors a). easily b). with great difficulty 3. Copper and silver are a). common conductors b). common insulators 4. Air, paper and plastics are a). common insulators b). common conductors 5. In case a high voltage is applied to an insulator a). it does not conduct current b). it conducts current 6. Insulators are used a). to store electric charge b). to reduce voltage c). to prevent a short between conducting wires 7. Metals increase their resistance a). when the temperature decreases b). when the temperature increases 8. Carbon decreases its resistance a). when the temperature increases b). when the temperature decreases 9. Metals have a). a positive temperature coefficient of resistance
b). a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. TRANSFORMERS Transformer is used to transfer energy. Due to the transformer electric power may be transferred at a high voltage and reduced at the point where it must be used to any value. Besides, a transformer is used to change the voltage and current value in a circuit. A two winding transformer consists of a closed core and two coils (windings). The primary winding is connected to the voltage source. It receives 31 energy. The secondary winding is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load. The value of voltage across the secondary terminal depends on the number of turns in it. In case it is equal to the number of turns in the primary winding the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as in the primary. In case the secondary has more turns than the primary the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. The voltage in the secondary is greater than the voltage in the primary by as many times as the number of turns in the secondary is greater than the number of turns in the primary. A transformer of this type increases or steps up the voltage and is called a step-up transformer. In case the secondary has fewer turns than the primary the output voltage is lower than the input. Such a transformer decreases or steps down the voltage, it is called a step- down transformer. Compare T¹ and T² in the diagram. T¹ has an iron core. For this reason it is used for low-frequency currents. T² has an air core and it is used for high frequencies. Common troubles in transformers are an open in the winding, a short between the primary and the secondary, and a short between turns. In case a transformer has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. A transformer
with a trouble should be substituted. Vocabulary: core сердечник winding обмотка turn виток to step up повышать to step down понижать frequency частота due to благодаря, из-за 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is transformer used for? 2. What does a transformer consist of? 3. What is the function of the primary winding? 4. What is the function of the secondary winding? 32 5. What type of transformer is called a step-up transformer? 6. What type of transformer is used for high-frequency currents? 7. What type of transformer is called a step-down transformer? 8. What type of transformer is used for low-frequency currents? 9. What is the relation between the number of turns in the windings and the value of current? 10. What are common troubles in a transformer? 11. What should be done in case a transformer has a trouble? 2. Translate into Russian: iron core closed core input voltage output voltage primary winding secondary winding step-up transformer step-down transformer 3. Translate the text:
Current transformers are used for operating ammeters, wattmeters and other measuring devices. They produce in the meters a current lower than the measured current but proportional to it. Current transformers also insulate the instrument from the circuit which is being measured. This is necessary for high voltage circuit. TYPES OF CURRENT Current is a flow of electricity through a circuit. Let us consider two main types of current: direct and alternating. A direct current (d.c.) flows through a conducting circuit in one direction only. It flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit. An alternating current (a.c.) is a current that changes its direction of flow through a circuit. It flows provided an alternating voltage source is applied to the circuit. Alternating current flows in cycles. The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of current. In a 60-cycle alternating current circuit the current flows in one direction 60 times and in other direction 60 times per second. It is easy to transform a.c. power from one voltage to another by a transformer. Transformers are also used to step down the voltage at the receiving point of the line to the low values that are necessary for use. When necessary a.c. can be changed into d.c. but this is seldom necessary. Vocabulary: alternating переменный direct прямой flow течение to consider рассматривать 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is current? 33 2. What types of current do you know?
3. When does a direct current flow? 4. What type of current is called an alternating current? 5. What type of current is called a direct current? 6. What is called the frequency of current? 7. What device is used to transform a.c. power from one voltage to another? 8. Is it often necessary to change a.c. to d.c.? COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT The main components of any circuit are devices that produce and utilize electric energy. They are: 1. power sources, 2. utilizing loads, 3. connecting conductors. The most common power sources are electric generators and primary cells. Electric generators convert chemical energy into electric energy. Loads include electric heaters, electric motors, incandescent lamps, etc. Motors convert electric energy into mechanical, incandescent lamps and heaters convert electric energy into light and heat. Utilizing devices or loads convert electric energy into thermal, mechanical or chemical energy. Electrical power is delivered from power sources to loads by electric wires. According to their materials, wires can be aluminum, copper, steel, etc. Besides, electric circuits use different types of switches, protection devices (relays and fuses), and meters (ammeters, voltmeters, etc.) 1. Choose the right answer: 1. The main components of electric circuits are a) loads and wires; b) power sources, load and wires. 2. Power sources are used a) to produce electric energy; b) to deliver it to the loads. 3. Electric conductors are used
a) to connect the circuit elements; b) to deliver electric power. 4) Protection devices are utilized a) in some circuits; b) in any circuit. 5) A switch is utilized a) in some series; b) in any circuit. 2. Answer the questions: 1. What are the main components of an electric circuit? 2. What is the function of an electric source? 3. What is the function of a load? 34 4. What is the function of wire conductors? 5. What other devices are utilized in a circuit? VOCABULARY REVISION Translate into Russian: 1. Circuit, conductor, open, short, trouble, power, capacity, rate, series circuit, parallel circuit. 2. to reduce, to supply, to result in, to result from, to produce, to change, to vary, to pass, to connect, to compare (with). 3. low, high, fixed, bulb, to increase, to decrease, to substitute, to move, to prevent, frequency. 4. capacitor, insulator, for this reason, provided that, core, winding, transformer, alternating, direct, flow. 5. use, copper, steel, to deliver, to convert, according to, chemical cells, protection devices, variable resistors, various fuses. 35 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ
1. А.Л. Луговая. Английский язык для энергетических специальностей. Москва «Высшая школа», 2002. 2. И.П. Агабекян. Английский для технических ВУЗов. Ростов-на- Дону «Феникс», 2001. 3. И.П. Агабекян. Английский для средних специальных учебных аведений Ростов-на-Дону «Феникс», 2001. 3. М.Я. Чистик. Учебник для политехнических ВУЗов Москва, 1988. 4. Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова Английский язык. Книга для чтения для заочных технических ВУЗов Москва «Высшая школа» 1988. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА………………………………………. 3 I. COMPUTERS………………………………………………………….. 4 WHAT IS COMPUTER? ............................................................................ 4 WHAT IS HARDWARE? ........................................................................... 5 TYPES OF SOFTWARE…………………………………………………. 8 WINDOWS 98…………………………………………………………….. 10 OPERATING SYSTEMS………………………………………………… 11 INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND INTERNET………………… 14 REVISION TEST………………………………………………………… 16 II. FIELD OF ELECTRICITY………………………………………….. 17 THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION…………….. 17 ELECTRICAL MEASURING UNITS AND INSTRUMENTS……….. 18 NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT………………………………… 19 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT…………………………………………………… 20 SERIES CIRCUIT AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT……………………… 21 METERS………………………………………………………………….. 22 RESISTORS……………………………………………………………….. 24 ELECTRIC CELLS………………………………………………………. 25
CAPACITORS…………………………………………………………….. 26 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS…………………………………… 28 TRANSFORMERS………………………………………………………… 30 TYPES OF CURRENT…………………………………………………… 32 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT…………………………… 33 VOCABULARY REVISION.…………………………………………… 34 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ…………………….. 35 36 ОГСЭ.03 ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК ПРАКТИКУМ Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями для обучающихся очной формы обучения 3 - 4 курсов специальности 08.02.09 «Монтаж, наладка и эксплуатация электрооборудования промышленных и гражданских зданий» Сборник специальных текстов с заданиями и упражнениями разработал преподаватель: Демяник Г.К. Подписано к печати 24.03.2016 г. Объем 2,2 п.л. Формат 60х84/16 Заказ Тираж 60 экз. МИНОБРНАУКИ РОССИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» НИЖНЕВАРТОВСКИЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ ТЕХНИКУМ (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Югорский государственный университет» 628615 Тюменская обл., Ханты-Мансийский автономный окржневартовск, ул. Мира, 37.